设计与产品webtransparency.cs.princeton.edu
大规模暗黑模式：对 1.1 万个购物网站的爬取发现（2019）
Dark Patterns at Scale: Findings from a Crawl of 11K Shopping Websites (2019)
2019 — 2021，它一次次回到首页
黑点是上首页（≥ 50 分）的那次投稿，空心点是没冲上去的投稿，点越大分数越高。
导读
普林斯顿大学的研究团队爬取了约 1.1 万个购物网站，系统性地识别和归类了大规模存在的“暗黑模式”（dark patterns）——即利用界面设计诱导用户做出非本意行为的手段，如隐藏费用、虚假倒计时、制造稀缺感等。该页面提供了研究数据、分类体系和大量实例，是这一领域被广泛引用的标志性研究。
为什么经久不衰：它把散落在日常网购体验中的操纵手法变成了可查证、可分类的系统性证据，多年后仍是理解“暗黑模式”的入门经典。
HN 评论精选
以 Adobe 取消许可证的经历为例，说明大公司也在用“易加难退”的暗黑模式。
我正在尝试减少 Adobe 管理后台里分配的许可证数量。网站上添加许可证很容易，但想删除却几乎不可能，必须通过销售支持转接到“取消团队”——这个团队在网上极难找到，而且对之前的取消请求毫无回应。这是我第三次尝试，等待时间荒谬至极：接通后对方说“正在审核我的请求”，说好的 1-2 分钟变成了 15 分钟以上。这次体验糟糕透顶，加上之前的种种，我正认真考虑把整个组织迁移到开源工具（出版团队用的 InDesign 除外，因为合作伙伴要求）。
vz8查看英文原文
As I write this, I am attempting to reduce the number of licenses allocated in the Adobe admin portal. After hunting through the site, it appears easy to add, but impossible to remove licenses without going through sales support (instant response with a human), who then transfer you to the "Cancellation Team" which are remarkably hard to find online and have not replied to previous attempts at cancellation. This is my third try, and the wait has been ridiculous. After finally being connected to a member of their cancellation team, they are "reviewing my request" and 1-2 minutes (please stand by) has turned into 15+ This experience has been so bad (on top of many others), that I'm strongly considering moving our entire org to open source tools (aside from InDesign for the publications group, which our partners require).
暗黑模式形成恶性循环：欺骗性网站泛滥反而巩固了亚马逊的垄断。
我认为这类现象是亚马逊在网购领域称霸的一大原因。我不太愿意在其他网站下单，因为又要面对一套全新的暗黑模式。至少我对亚马逊足够熟悉，知道不会被乱扣费，低库存提示也多少属实。这不是说亚马逊没问题，但至少它是“已知的量”。如果没有亚马逊的主导地位，其他网站本可以不用暗黑模式也能竞争，所以这是个自我强化的循环：人们只在亚马逊购物 → 能存活的其他网站都是搞欺骗的 → 对非亚马逊网站的信任下降 → 人们更只在亚马逊购物……我并非想把那些骗人的购物网站塑造成受害者，我更担心的是那些本可以存在的诚信网站，因为被亚马逊（和沃尔玛等巨头）以及这些骗子网站挤占而无法生存。
6chars查看英文原文
I believe this kind of thing is a big contributor to Amazon's hegemony in online shopping. I'm reluctant to order from other sites because there's a whole new set of dark patterns I may fall victim to. At least I'm familiar enough with Amazon to know I'm not getting charged for things I didn't intend to order, the low stock warnings are somewhat legitimate, etc. I'm not saying Amazon doesn't have its own issues, but at least it's a known quantity. If it weren't for Amazon's dominance, other sites would be able to compete without resorting to these dark patterns, so this is a self-perpetuating cycle: people only shop on Amazon -> the only other sites that can survive are the ones that engage in deception -> trust in non-Amazon shopping sites decreases -> people only shop on Amazon -> ... I don't mean to cast these scammy shopping websites as victims. My concern is more about how the legitimate sites that could exist don't because they're crowded out by Amazon (and other big players like Walmart) and the scammy shopping sites this article discusses.
用户研究显示：消费者能接受真实透明的压力提示，反感的是虚假信息，二者应区别对待。
有意思——我觉得网站应该把“提供信息”的暗黑模式和“撒谎或隐瞒”的区分开，消费者对这两类的感受很不一样。我旁听过几十场电商用户研究，最重要的发现是：消费者（a）通常相当清楚自己在被施压，（b）只要信息透明准确就没问题。经典例子是低库存提示：如果库存真的低，购物者普遍能接受，很多人还能说出因缺货而错过的具体商品；也有人记得买了“仅剩 1 件”结果第二天还在促销的情况。他们更希望有这个信息，因为能帮助做出知情决策。最有趣的一场是关于促销倒计时的：设计师起初拒绝设计，最后说“行，我把它设计到极致，然后用用户研究证明没人想要这东西”。然后她给 5 个人做了测试，他们大体上都能接受，条件是……
jakevoytko查看英文原文
This is interesting - I feel like the site should separate dark patterns that add information from ones that lie or obfuscate. In my experience, consumers feel differently about these categories. I've sat in on a few dozen user research sessions for ecommerce. This was qualitative research that included their general shopping habits, and additionally testing new features. The most interesting thing that I learned is that consumers (a) are generally pretty aware of when they're being pressured, and (b) are fine if it's transparent and accurate. A classic example of this were low-stock notifications. The shoppers were generally okay with being told that something was low stock if that was really true. Many people could name specific items they lost because they were sold out. Some could also name instances of when they had bought something "1 item remaining" and seen it on sale the next day. They preferred having the information because it helped them make an informed decision. It turns out that lots of people browse the same items for a while, and use sales or almost-out-of-stock as a "now or never" moment. The most interesting user session I ever sat in on was for a countdown timer for a sale ending. The designer refused to design it at first, and then was like, "fine, I'm going to design the hell out of this and then show you in user research that nobody wants this." And then she showed it to 5 people in user research, who were generally okay with it on the condition that it counted down to the actual sale ending. Some said they actually liked knowing, because when they're just looking on their phones they might not be in a good position to buy it, and want to know how much time they have later to get it. They said that they'll often refresh the page to see if the timer resets, because if it starts ticking from the same time, they feel like the site is just scammy and they'll leave. Anyways, I'm not trying to defend lots of these patterns. Most of them are clearly wrong, and the ones that I mentioned above can also be used to lie and deceive. But I wouldn't put them all together - in my experience, consumers generally want accurate information even if they're aware that the company is doing it to pressure them.
虚假倒计时是彻底的谎言，遇到就拒绝购买；用假信息应对强制注册。
> 倒计时 这个和它的变体“库存倒计时”对我来说已是即时红旗。一看到我就取消在该公司的下单意向。我没见过一个是真的（换个浏览器打开页面倒计时就重置，或上一次刚结束不久又重新开始），我不喜欢被撒谎。这些就是谎言：不是误导、夸张或其他更委婉的说法，而是彻头彻尾的谎言，我不信任撒谎的公司，也不会把支付信息交给它们。 > 偷偷加价与隐藏费用 看到这种情况，我很乐意花点功夫、甚至多花点钱去找其他渠道。可惜我觉得自己是少数，所以这种把戏越来越普遍（也越来越难避开）。 > 看商品都要注册账号 这时我的老朋友“假名先生”就登场了，住在假镇假郡 FA1 1AF。或者干脆走人——如果你的优惠真那么好，你就会大方地展示出来。
dspillett查看英文原文
> Countdown Timer This, and its equivalent "stock level countdown", has become an instant red flag for me. If I see one I cancel all interest in ordering that product from that company. I don't think I've seen one that is genuine (opening the page in another browser and seeing the count reset to a value, or seeing a fresh countdown started on a visit not long after the previous one ended) and I don't appreciate being lied to. And these things are lies: not misdirection, exaggeration, or any other softer word, they are outright lies and I refuse to trust companies/individuals that tell them so won't be handing over my payment details. > Sneaking & Hidden Costs I'm perfectly happy to make a little effort, even to pay a little extra, to find other sources for what I'm buying when I see this happen. Unfortunately I think I'm in a minority here and such trickery is getting more prevalent (so harder to avoid) for that reason. > Even viewing products requires signing up and creating and account. That is where my old friend Mr Fake McFakeFake who lives at Faketown, Fakeshire, FA1 1AF, plays his part. Or of course just walking away on the basis that if your offer was that good you would openly display it.
旅游网站层层加价，最终价格常是广告价的两倍以上。
“偷偷加价与隐藏费用”——旅游业在这方面最糟糕。2016 年我试着订度假产品，只要求价格合理、食物不错、有海滩，连具体国家都没定。花了好几周才找到。我很快明白了为什么德国有这么多旅行社：在这种网站上，购买流程点得越深，价格涨得越多，有时最终价格是首页广告价的两倍多。
k__查看英文原文
"Sneaking & Hidden Costs" The traveling industry is the worst here. In 2016 I tried to book a holiday. I wanted it to have an okay price, good food, and a beach. I didn't even have a specific country in mind. Took me weeks to find something. I quickly noticed why we have so many traveling agencies in Germany. The longer you click through a buying process on such sites the more your price goes up, sometimes you pay more than double than what was advertised on page one.
有读者发现自己公司把研究列出的暗黑模式全占了，决定离职。
我在这个名单上看到了自己公司。我做后台岗位，从没用过面向客户的主站，因为那不是我的目标人群。认真看了一圈后我可以说，我们公司不止中了一种，而是全中。是时候离开了……
doitLP查看英文原文
I see my own company on here. I work in a back office role and I’ve never used the main customer site, because it’s just not my demographic. After some honest looking I can say our company doesn’t just do one, but all of these. I think it’s time to move on...
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