历史与人物vox.com
汽车制造商如何发明“乱穿马路”罪
How Automakers Invented the Crime of “Jaywalking”
2015 — 2018，它一次次回到首页
黑点是上首页（≥ 50 分）的那次投稿，空心点是没冲上去的投稿，点越大分数越高。
导读
这篇 Vox 文章梳理了“乱穿马路”（jaywalking）这一罪名如何被发明出来：20 世纪初汽车普及后，汽车制造商和行业团体发起运动，把原本属于行人、摊贩、儿童等的街道重新定义为汽车的道路，并推动立法和舆论把事故责任推给行人。文章借这段历史说明，交通规则并非自然形成，而是利益集团塑造的结果。
为什么经久不衰：它揭开日常交通规范背后的产业公关与法律塑造，今天讨论道路安全、城市空间和汽车依赖时仍很有解释力。
HN 评论精选
揭露汽车行业通过代写事故报道把责任推给行人，评论者质疑其伦理。
“记者可以把交通事故的基本细节发过去，第二天就能收到一篇完整的文章用于刊登。这些文章被广泛刊印，把事故责任转嫁给了行人。”对我来说，这是文章里最疯狂的一句话。记者竟然把写作外包给汽车行业？他们当然会怪行人！这算什么伦理？接下来呢？把吸毒过量的细节发给制药公司，让他们去怪吸毒者？
vijayr查看英文原文
Reporters could send in the basic details of a traffic accident and would get in return a complete article to print the next day. These articles, printed widely, shifted the blame for accidents to pedestrians To me, that is the craziest sentence in the article. Reporters were outsourcing writing to the auto industry? Of course they blamed the pedestrians! In what world is this ethical? What is next? Sending overdose details to pharma companies for them to blame the drug users?
汽车业类似策略也用于把垃圾处理责任转嫁给消费者。
还有一期 Vox 节目提到，制造商也深刻影响了我们对乱扔垃圾的看法。突然之间，不环保的包装不再是他们的问题；妥善处理包装成了消费者和政府共同的责任。
rubinelli查看英文原文
There was another Vox episode mentioning how manufacturers also heavily influenced our views on littering: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxKfpt70rLI Suddenly that ecologically unsound packaging was no longer their problem; disposing of it properly was the consumer and the government's shared responsibility.
汽车主导使街道从公共生活空间变成单纯交通通道，经济发展可能重演此过程。
文章说：“现在想想很奇怪，但 1920 年代前，城市街道与今天截然不同。它们被视为公共空间：行人、推车小贩、马车、有轨电车和玩耍儿童的地方。”我认为这一点很重要。汽车接管后，街道慢慢不再是人们闲逛、购物、玩耍或聊天的头号公共空间。快进到今天的美国，在街上长时间停留会让人联想到贫穷、无家可归或犯罪活动。街道的唯一目的变成了通行通勤。经济欠发达国家仍享有类似 1920 年前美国的活跃街头生活（墨西哥、巴西、土耳其、中国、泰国等）。但随着他们变富、购买更多汽车，同样的街道转变又在发生。对比 2000 年和今天的中国会有明显差异。当然，欧洲一些富裕发达国家也享有活跃街头生活，但由于空间成本、油价、税收等经济约束，那里的汽车保有量不如美国普遍。
harmonicon查看英文原文
"It's strange to imagine now, but prior to the 1920s, city streets looked dramatically different than they do today. They were considered to be a public space: a place for pedestrians, pushcart vendors, horse-drawn vehicles, streetcars, and children at play." I think this point is very important. After the automobiles took over, the street slowly ceased to be the #1 public space where people hangout, shop, play or shoot the bull. Fast forward to today's US, spending an extended time on the street is associated with being poor, homeless or conducting criminal activity. Streets' sole purpose is for travel and commute. Countries with less developed economy still enjoys a vibrant street life much like the pre 1920 US (i.e. Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, China, Thailand etc). As they get richer and purchase more automobile though, the same street transformation is happening again. One can notice a big difference if one visited China in 2000 vs today. They are in some dire need for parking lots. Of course, there are definitely developed wealthy countries in Europe that also enjoy vibrant street life. However car ownership there is not as widespread as in the US due to a number of economic constraints (space cost, gas price, taxes).
反对“无车即高尚”，指出在郊区没车会严重限制生活，公共交通效率低。
能否请 HN 别再搞“不开车就是美德”这一套？我年轻时大部分时间没车，28 岁才学开车。我住在新英格兰郊区，当时步行十分钟就能上班和购物，但那种生活仍然很糟糕。这里的人不懂没车的生活有多受限：除非用低效的公共交通，你会被限制在十到十五英里半径内，而公共交通连基本出行都要加上巨大的时间税。你被交通方式困住，被临时叫去上班几乎不可能。即使走路，基本事务也更费时费钱。购物要分五天而不是一天，因为拿不了超过几袋东西。坐公交时生鲜都难买；单程 30 到 45 分钟是常态。买床垫还要付配送费并等待。看医生或牙医不在步行范围时，来回都是昂贵的出租或 Uber。有时更糟……
Noos查看英文原文
Can HN please stop it with this "not owning a car is virtuous" shtick? I went most of my younger life not having a car, only learning to drive at age 28. I lived in a new england suburb close enough to go to my work and shopping services at a ten minute walk at the time, and it still was horrid. People here don't get how limited your life is without a car. You are limited to a ten-fifteen mile radius for everything, unless you use inefficient public transport which tacks on a huge time tax for even basic trips. You are captive to that transport, which means something like being called in is hard to impossible, as well as many duties of your workplace; dropping deposits off to a bank after hours as a manager, for example. That transport doesn't even expand your range that much, maybe one or two towns over; the time for further is so long as to be prohibitive. Even with walking, you wind up spending far more time and expense on basic tasks. Instead of shopping one day you need to shop five, just because you can't fit more than a couple bags of goods. If you are on the bus, you can't even easily use perishables; 30-45 min one way is the norm. You can't do things like buy a mattress without tacked on delivery fees and more time spent waiting to receive it. If anything happens where you simply can't walk like doctor or dentist visits (because doctors don't always stay in walking distance of most people) that's an expensive cab or uber both ways. Sometimes its even worse...jury duty can be in the county courthouse 30 min by car and an hour and a half by bus. You have no social life with no car. Not every town can simply cluster everything in one place; the downtown can easily be 30 minutes away from where people live. It took me an hour to walk to the comic shop one way; the bus would had made that longer, not shorter. Dates are impossible because of that; if the nearest date spot or bar isn't within five minutes, what do you do? A life without personal cars would be a rather limited and even serfish one. Everyone assumes driverless cars might save us, but they have yet to prove they can even navigate a highway during a New England winter, which is what you'd need to do to replace a commute. People talk about bicycles, but 0 degree or snowy weather makes that horrid, as well as high heat. Please stop assuming cars are this evil thing that more walking and biking will solve; they wont, not at all.
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