安全与隐私en.wikipedia.org编辑精选
非法素数
Illegal prime
2010 — 2021,它一次次回到首页
黑点是上首页(≥ 50 分)的那次投稿,空心点是没冲上去的投稿,点越大分数越高。
导读
维基百科条目,介绍“非法素数”:某些素数之所以被称为“非法”,是因为它们经特定编码后,恰好对应一段被法律禁止传播的数据——最著名的是 DVD 解密程序 DeCSS 的代码,有人把它的字节流转成一个大整数并找到一个素数,于是“出版一个数字”就等同于“发布解密代码”。条目记录了这类素数如何被构造出来,以及围绕“数字能否受言论自由保护”的争论。
为什么经久不衰:它把版权与审查的抽象争论压缩成一个具体的数字:如果信息可以藏进一个素数,那么禁止信息的法律到底在禁止什么?每逢 DRM、加密与言论边界重新成为热点,这个故事就会被翻出来。
HN 评论精选
批评“非法素数”只是修辞把戏,逻辑上会导致所有素数都非法。
这种论证相当愚蠢——任何信息显然都能被编码成一个数,素数与否无关。既然素数有无穷多个,而任何被禁止的信息(国家安全信息、儿童色情、商业秘密等)都能编码进去,照这个逻辑,几乎所有的素数都可以被判定为“非法”。作者显然是在糊弄不懂行的读者,这种法律分析水平跟“主权公民”那套差不多。
pxmpxm查看英文原文
This line of argument is rather asinine - any information can obviously be encoded into a number, prime or otherwise. Given that there are infinite primes and any amount of proscribed information (national security information, child pornography, trade secrets etc) that can be encoded into them, essentially all prime numbers would be deemed "illegal" under that line of argument. The authors are clearly targeting unsophisticated audience with that article; feels like the "sovereign citizen" grade of legal analysis.
推荐这篇经典文章,讨论“比特”在技术层面之外还携带法律与语境属性。
从评论看,又一代开发者该去读《What Colour Are Your Bits?》了:http://ansuz.sooke.bc.ca/entry/23
jameshart查看英文原文
seems, from the comments, like it’s time for another generation of developers to read What Colour Are Your Bits: http://ansuz.sooke.bc.ca/entry/23
用隐蔽信道的类比说明:任何合法载体都可被用来夹带非法数据,因而“非法信息”的边界很荒诞。
这篇文章以前上过好几次首页,但关于 DeCSS 非法素数如何被构造出来的那条旧评论最有意思:https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1045394。这可以看作人类版的“隐蔽信道”:公布比尔·盖茨的信用卡号和有效期是违法的,但如果我写一篇关于《哈姆雷特》的评论,其 SHA-1 哈希恰好给出同样的信息呢?生成一段像样的文学文本计算量极大,但确实可行;或者把卡号嵌进比特币区块链上的“交易金额”。主题是一致的:找一个“合法”的信息通道来传递非法数据。于是就有了那些哲学式追问——“评论莎士比亚怎么会违法?这是教育!”以及“你怎么审查比特币区块链上的交易?全球节点上已经有十万多份副本了!”
jasode查看英文原文
There are several past threads of this article but this comment about how the DeCSS illegal prime was created seemed the most interesting: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1045394 This might be thought of as a human version of a covert channel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_channel E.g. publicizing the number and expiration date of Bill Gates' credit-card is illegal but what if we wrote a text commentary about Shakespeare's Hamlet that when SHA-1 hashed, it gives you that same information? Yes, it would be very computationally intensive to generate a plausible literary text but it could be done. Or one embeds Bill Gates credit-card number as "transactions amounts" on Bitcoin blockchain. The theme is the same: find a "legitimate" information channel to transmit illegitimate data. This then allows the philosophical arguments about information: - How can commentary about Shakespeare be illegal? It's education! - How can you censor transactions on the bitcoin blockchain? There are already 100,000+ copies of it on nodes around the globe! And so on...
非法素数只是同一违法内容的另一种写法,其素数身份毫无实质意义。
这个概念不仅极为平庸(凡能被数字化编码的东西都对应某个素数——通常只需微调编码、保持二进制格式仍有效,随机改动并跑快速素性测试,就能找到候选),而且还是可逆的:你可以在画里编码一个数,制造一幅“非法画作”,只要按某种方式解读它(比如切成 X*Y 网格,红色分量大于绿色的格子记为 1、否则为 0),就能还原出那个数。要点是什么?现实可以用数字表示,反之亦然;但表示违法数字内容的数几乎不可能偶然出现,必须被刻意选出来才能有这种表示。非法素数只是把同一个东西用另一种方式写进文件,因此仍是同样明目张胆的违法,而它“恰好是素数”(素数既密集又常见)这一点根本不值得惊奇。
antirez查看英文原文
Not only this concept has a great deal of triviality, because everything you can digitally encode will have a corresponding prime (often you can change the encoding slightly, yet the binary format is still valid, so you can perform random changes and run a fast primality test, until you find a good candidate). It is also a reversible concept: you can create an "illegal painting" by encoding a number in the painting, so that interpreting the painting in some way (like, splitting it in a X*Y grid, and assigning 1 to the squares where the red component in RGB is greater than G, 0 otherwise) will result in such number. What's the gist of all this? That reality can be represented by numbers and the other way around, however numbers representing illegal digital entities (violating copyright or other laws) are so unlikely to happen by chance, that they need to be chosen explicitly to have such a representation: the illegal prime is just a different way to write the same thing in a file, thus is the same blatant law violation, and the fact they happen to have a prime number (very dense and common numbers) is not interesting at all.
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