编程与软件工程kornel.ski
Rust 与 C 的速度对比
Speed of Rust vs. C
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导读
这篇文章从性能角度对比 Rust 与 C：作者指出两者编译到机器码的速度基本相当，但 Rust 在内存安全、所有权规则和默认内联等方面的设计，使其在保持同等性能的同时更易于写出安全、可并行的代码。文章还讨论了不透明指针、缓冲区复用、computed goto 等具体差异。
为什么经久不衰：它以具体技术细节而非口号回应了“Rust 是否和 C 一样快”这一长期争论，多年后仍是理解两者性能权衡的经典参考。
HN 评论精选
作者亲身经历佐证：Rust 的所有权模型让原本高风险的并行化变得轻松可靠。
“最大的潜力在于可以放心地对大部分 Rust 代码并行化，而等价的 C 代码并行化风险太大。在这方面 Rust 比 C 成熟得多。”——是的。今天我把 3D 图形程序的两个部分整合了：一个刷新屏幕并允许移动视角，另一个向场景加载新对象。以前必须先加载完所有对象，图形窗口才能启动；今天我让这两个操作并行运行，窗口先显示天空和地面，随后几秒内场景可见地逐步加载，且不降低帧率。这只改了大约 10 行 Rust 代码，第一次编译就跑通了。
Animats查看英文原文
"But the biggest potential is in ability to fearlessly parallelize majority of Rust code, even when the equivalent C code would be too risky to parallelize. In this aspect Rust is a much more mature language than C." Yes. Today, I integrated two parts of a 3D graphics program. One refreshes the screen and lets you move the viewpoint around. The other loads new objects into the scene. Until today, all the objects were loaded, then the graphics window went live. Today, I made those operations run in parallel, so the window comes up with just the sky and ground, and over the next few seconds, the scene loads, visibly, without reducing the frame rate. This took about 10 lines of code changes in Rust. It worked the first time it compiled.
指出文中几处 Rust 优势其实源于动态/静态链接的惯例差异，而非语言本身。
C 库对数据结构返回不透明指针，主要不是为了安全，而是为了维持 ABI 兼容性。Rust 不做动态链接，所以不必如此；Common Lisp 出于类似原因也这样做。至于跨编译单元内联：这同样是因为 C 惯用动态链接而 Rust 静态链接——如果用 LTO，C 也能跨模块内联。
moonchild查看英文原文
> C libraries typically return opaque pointers to their data structures, to hide implementation details and ensure there's only one copy of each instance of the struct. This costs heap allocations and pointer indirections. Rust's built-in privacy, unique ownership rules, and coding conventions let libraries expose their objects by value The primary reason c libraries do this is not for safety, but to maintain ABI compatibility. Rust eschews dynamic linking, which is why it doesn't bother. Common lisp, for instance, does the same thing as c, for similar reasons: the layout of structures may change, and existing code in the image has to be able to deal with it. > Rust by default can inline functions from the standard library, dependencies, and other compilation units. In C I'm sometimes reluctant to split files or use libraries, because it affects inlining This is again because c is conventionally dynamically linked, and rust statically linked. If you use LTO, cross-module inlining will happen.
Zig 作者补充：computed goto 的效果可以通过简单循环写法让 LLVM 生成，无需专门语言特性。
关于 computed goto：我最近在考虑是否给 Zig 加这个语言特性时深入研究过。虽然有些挑剔，但只要给 LLVM 一个足够简单的 while 循环 continue 表达式，它就能生成想要的机器码。所以我认为没必要专门提供 computed goto 特性。
AndyKelley查看英文原文
> computed goto I did a deep dive into this topic lately when exploring whether to add a language feature to zig for this purpose. I found that, although finnicky, LLVM is able to generate the desired machine code if you give it a simple enough while loop continue expression[1]. So I think it's reasonable to not have a computed goto language feature. More details here, with lots of fun godbolt links: https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/8220 [1]: https://godbolt.org/z/T3v881
对“C 中缓冲区复用导致 Heartbleed 漏洞”的调侃。
这让我笑了。（原文提到：在 C 里人们会想把为某用途分配的缓冲区挪作他用——这种技巧被称为 HEARTBLEED。）
vlmutolo查看英文原文
> "Clever" memory use is frowned upon in Rust. In C, anything goes. For example, in C I'd be tempted to reuse a buffer allocated for one purpose for another purpose later (a technique known as HEARTBLEED). This made me laugh
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