历史与人物mentallandscape.com
苏联金星探测器图像
Soviet Venus Images (2004)
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导读
这是 mentallandscape 上的苏联金星图像档案页，汇集 Venera 系列探测器拍摄的金星表面照片，并给出相关任务背景。它记录了人类极少数成功从金星表面传回影像的尝试。
为什么经久不衰：这些照片来自环境极端恶劣的金星表面，既罕见又见证了冷战时期在高温高压下完成航天工程的成就，今天看仍然震撼。
HN 评论精选
金星表面图像极其难得；评论者认为金星可能比火星更值得地球化改造。
考虑到金星环境如此恶劣，我们居然能拍到任何金星表面图像，这实在不可思议；也正因如此，短期内不太可能重返。这些图像是冷战产物，当时美国把重点放在火星。评论者还认为金星可能比火星更适合地球化改造：火星几乎没大气、太阳更弱、重力仍很低；金星大气约97%二氧化碳、约3%氮，大气总量约地球100倍，因此氮和二氧化碳资源都很丰富。
cletus查看英文原文
It's wild we have any images of the surface of Venus at all given how hostile Venus is. Given how hostile it is, it seems unlikely we'll go back anytime soon. These images were really a product of the Cold War where the US focused on Mars. It's worth noting that Venus is still probably a better terraforming target than Mars [1]. This romantic notion of Mars has rooted itself deeply at this point (eg with Elon Musk) but Mars is basically a more distant and inconvenient Moon. Almost no atmosphere (in fact, just enough because dust storms will occasionally just coat all your equipment), the Sun is weaker and gravity is still very low. Venus's atmosphere is about 3% nitrogen and 97% CO2. It has about 100x the atmosphere of Earth, which means there's actually more atmospheric nitrogen than on Earth. And abundant CO2 means oxygen is abundant. [1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BI-old7YI4I
Venera 着陆器为极端环境做了特殊设计，但镜头盖故障很常见。
Venera 着陆器的设计很迷人：球形舱保护电子设备免受气压和高温，下面是着陆用减震环，上面有圆柱形天线和看似天线、实为气动刹车的宽盘结构；设计目标是在表面工作至少30分钟。不同任务的仪器包括相机和大气、土壤分析设备，但四个着陆器都出现过相机镜头盖未弹开的问题。
codeulike查看英文原文
The design of the Venera landers is fascinating, wikipedia has some good pictures https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera The probes were optimized for surface operations with an unusual looking design that included a spherical compartment to protect the electronics from atmospheric pressure and heat for as long as possible. Beneath this was a shock absorbing "crush ring" for landing. Above the pressure sphere was a cylindrical antenna structure and a wide dish shaped structure that resembled an antenna but was actually an aerobrake. They were designed to operate on the surface for a minimum of 30 minutes. Instruments varied on different missions, but included cameras and atmospheric and soil analysis equipment. All four landers had problems with some or all of their camera lens caps not releasing.
荒诞的镜头盖故障成了可靠性工程的经典案例，而 Venera 14 仍超额工作。
关于 Venera 14 有一个著名的工程故障：Venera 13 和 14 是双子着陆器，都带机械臂测量土壤压缩性。Venera 13 正常伸入土壤；Venera 14 的机械臂却伸进了自己着陆时弹开的相机镜头盖，于是它飞了数百万公里，最后测试的是金星表面一个镜头盖的压缩性。Venera 14 实际还工作了约57分钟，接近设计寿命两倍。
DividesByZero查看英文原文
These landings have one of my favourite ever engineering failures, regarding Venera 14. Venera 13 and 14 were twin landers which landed at the same time on Venus. Both contained a similar science package - including an arm to measure the compressibility of the soil on the surface of Venus. Venera 13's arm functioned properly. Venera 14's returned strange data, which was soon traced to a very simple fault - both Venera landers had a lens cap protecting their sensitive camera equipment on descent. These popped off on landing, and then the spring-loaded instrument arm extended to perform its testing. Venera 13's arm extended into the soil correctly. Venera 14's arm extended directly into its discarded lens cap. Poor Venera 14 travelled millions of kilometers to test the compressibility of a lens cap on the surface of venus. http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_Venera_Perspective.jpg (Venera 14 on right) Venera 14 did also function for almost twice its design lifetime (~57 minutes) so it was a good little probe, but I love to use this little example when talking about reliability engineering.
探测器在金星表面的存活时间极短，凸显环境严酷。
值得注意的是，由于环境恶劣，Venera 探测器在金星表面只存活了23分钟到2小时。
jschuur查看英文原文
Worth noting that the Venera probes only survived between 23 minutes and 2 hours on the surface of Venus, due to the harsh conditions there: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera
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