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值得学习的 Python 内置函数
Python built-ins worth learning
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导读
这篇文章介绍 Python 中一些值得学习的内建函数和类型，说明它们如何让日常代码更简洁、更地道。文中结合具体用法讲解这些工具，适合用来查漏补缺，也适合反复重读。
为什么经久不衰：内建工具是 Python 编程的基础，文章用实用例子把容易忽略的细节讲清楚；随着经验增长重读，仍能发现新东西。
HN 评论精选
集合运算能把集合差异检测写得非常直观。
集合（set）是我最喜欢的 Python 内建类型。以前做集合变更检测时，我总要写很繁琐的命令式函数；学会集合后，代码就变成了 added = b - a、removed = a - b、repeated = a & b 这样直观的写法。当然这是集合论，不是 Python 独有的，但还是那句话：学集合！
Waterluvian查看英文原文
Sets are my #1 favourite Python built-in. I used to have these tedious imperative functions for doing change detection on collections. Then I learned sets and it turned into obvious code like: added = b - a removed = a - b repeated = a & b Etc. Of course this is set theory and not Python specific. But still. Learn sets!
statistics 模块能避免重复实现常见统计函数。
Python 3 里较新加入的 statistics 模块也值得提一下。每个代码库最终都会需要一个求平均值的函数，现在不必每次自己重写了。它还提供了一小套实用工具，否则你可能得安装 numpy/scipy 之类才能得到。
MattConfluence查看英文原文
A recent(-ish) addition to Python 3 I also think is worth mentioning is the statistics module: https://docs.python.org/3/library/statistics.html Every codebase eventually needs an averaging function, now you don't have to re-implement it yourself every time. Plus it's a nice toolbox of a few different utilities that you would otherwise need to install numpy/scipy/etc. to get.
推荐默认优先使用不可变且可哈希的 frozenset。
这篇文章里我只有一点不同意：frozenset 非常有用。我认为默认就应该优先用 frozenset 而不是 set。不可变对象更安全，通常也更好用（frozenset 可哈希，能作为 dict 的键），而且很多工作里都会遇到集合。用排序列表也能凑合，但集合更好用也更快。
joshuamorton查看英文原文
I disagree with only one thing in this article. Frozenset is super useful. You should prefer frozenset over set by default imo. Immutable objects are safer to work with, often easier to work with (frozenset is hashable, you can key a dict with it), and sets come up all the time in a lot of work. You can get by with a sorted list, but sets are nicer and faster.
离开某个技术生态后要主动补发布说明，避免错过新惯用法。
我之前不知道 Python 3.7 加入的 breakpoint()，那大约是我停止经常使用 Python 一年后的事（当时我自认为是专家；现在生态发展了很多，我也生疏了，水平低于专家，但能很快恢复）。在听说它之前，我调试 Python 时会继续用 pdb.set_trace()，但知道 breakpoint() 后发现它更好用。这揭示了一个容易被忽视的重要事实：活跃在某个生态里时，你会听到新东西；但离开一段时间后，就可能错过一些变化，某些情况下初学者甚至可能比你更懂当前惯用法。这种情况下，至少该浏览一下资料，尤其是你上次还是专家之后的发布说明——如果我回去大量写 Python/Django，我至少会读 Python 3.6–3.10 和 Django 1.8 以后发布说明的标题。
chrismorgan查看英文原文
I didn’t know about breakpoint(), which landed in 3.7, about a year after I stopped using Python regularly (I considered myself an expert at the time; now, the ecosystem has moved on enough and I’m rusty enough that I’d rate myself below expert, but able to become expert again in a very short time). Until hearing about this, if I were needing to debug Python stuff I’d have been perfectly happy continuing to use pdb.set_trace(), but breakpoint() is nicer now that I know about it. This reveals something important that is easy to overlook: while you’re actively working in an ecosystem, you may hear about new things that come along, but if you spend some time away, things may well happen that you didn’t hear about, and so in some cases beginners may even surpass you in current idioms. It’s worthwhile, in such cases, at least skimming over some materials and especially the release notes since you were last an expert—if I were going back to working with Python/Django extensively, I’d read at the very least the headings of the release notes for Python 3.6–3.10 and Django 1.8–.
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