科学与数学jpl.nasa.gov
圆周率到底需要多少位小数?
How Many Decimals of Pi Do We Really Need?
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导读
NASA JPL 的科普文章解释工程实践中到底需要多少位圆周率:以最高精度的行星导航计算为例,约 15 位小数(双精度浮点常用的 3.141592653589793)就绰绰有余。文章用可观测宇宙尺度等直观例子说明,更多位数只是数学趣味而非实际需要。
为什么经久不衰:它用极直观的尺度对比澄清了'精度'的直觉,且评论补充了浮点标准与阿波罗计算机的历史背景,让这个老问题常读常新。
HN 评论精选
用宇宙级例子说明 40 位左右已覆盖一切物理精度需求。
如果你已知可观测宇宙的直径,想以质子直径的精度计算它的周长,你需要的圆周率位数是 43 位。
drewolbrich查看英文原文
If you know the diameter of the observable Universe and you want to calculate its circumference with the accuracy of the diameter of a proton, the number of digits of pi that you need is 43.
提醒误差累积才是实际计算中真正的精度威胁。
这篇文章忽略了重复计算(如数值积分)的问题:麻烦来自舍入误差的累积。如果不非常小心,16 位精度很快就会变成 0 位。
WalterBright查看英文原文
This overlooks the issue that for repeated calculations, such as numerical integration, the trouble comes from accumulated roundoff errors. Even 16 digits of precision can become 0 digits pretty quickly if you're not very careful.
强调 15 位精度其实远超日常直觉的精确程度。
这个故事让我沮丧,因为它听起来好像 15 位精度不算多。15 不是个大数字,但 15 位精度几乎难以想象——用它量你的身高,误差会在飞米级,大约是一个质子的直径。这真的很精确!
sharkjacobs查看英文原文
This story is frustrating to me because it makes it sound like 15 digits of precision isn't a lot. Fifteen isn't a big number, but fifteen degrees of precision is almost incomprehensible. If you measured your height with fifteen degrees of precision, you would have a measurement in femtometres. A femtometre is roughly the diameter of a proton. That's really precise!
指出 15 位源于双精度浮点标准的历史,并对比阿波罗时代按需定制精度的做法。
我觉得这篇文章的因果有点倒置。他们用 3.141592653589793 是因为这是双精度浮点里 π 的值,而这由 Intel 8087 协处理器定下——真正的答案是 Intel(和 Kahan)在 1980 年决定了位数,NASA 用它只是因为这是标准。另一方面,1960 年代 NASA 精确算出登月需要多少位精度,得出 15 位的阿波罗制导计算机:14 位不够,16 位又多余。那个年代的航天系统会仔细推敲需要多少位,造出 15 或 27 位这种奇怪的位数;如今则直接用精度远超所需的标准系统。
kens查看英文原文
The article seems a bit backward to me. The reason they use 3.141..793 is because that's the value of pi in double precision floating point. And that was set by the Intel 8087 coprocessor. So to me, the real answer is that Intel (and Kahan) decided on the number of decimals in 1980, and NASA uses that because it's the standard. On the other hand, in the 1960s NASA figured out exactly how many bits of precision they needed to get to the Moon and came up with the 15-bit Apollo Guidance Computer; 14 bits wasn't enough and 16 bits was more than they needed. (The computer supports double precision and triple precision for tasks that needed more.) The point is that in the 1960s, aerospace systems would carefully consider exactly how many bits they needed and build systems with bizarre numbers of bits like 15 or 27. Now, they use standard systems, which generally have way more accuracy than needed.
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