互联网与文化linuxjournal.com
我们赢得了 Linux 之战，却正在输掉自由之战
We won the battle for Linux, but we're losing the battle for freedom
2016 — 2022，它一次次回到首页
黑点是上首页（≥ 50 分）的那次投稿，空心点是没冲上去的投稿，点越大分数越高。
导读
这篇 Linux Journal 的文章指出，自由软件在 Linux 内核层面赢得了胜利，但在硬件、基础设施和云服务层面却节节败退：计算日益集中化，侵蚀了用户的隐私与自由。文章呼吁重新审视自由软件运动的目标，把战场扩展到内核之外。
为什么经久不衰：它精准预言了云时代开源被巨头收编、自由被架空的趋势，2016 和 2022 两次登上 HN 首页说明其议题至今仍未过时。
HN 评论精选
概括文章论点并反驳其监管主张，认为废除知识产权、走向分布式系统才是出路
从评论看没几个人读了原文，TLDR 是：自由软件赢了；但硬件、基础设施和服务呢？糟糕，它们越来越集中化；集中化削弱了隐私，进而削弱了自由；是时候限制企业来重获自由了。我唯一不同意的是最后一点——法律和监管才是造成这个烂摊子的原因，这些公司之所以庞大，是因为能通过法律阻止竞争。最大的问题是知识产权，它带来了 DRM 和政府保护的垄断。我们需要的是权力去中心化，逐步废除 IP。
kardashev查看英文原文
From the comments it doesn't look like many read the article. Here's the tldr: Free software won. Yay! However, what about hardware, infrastructure, and services? Oops. All those things have been become increasingly centralized. Centralization has diminished our privacy, and therefore our liberty. Time to put restrictions on corporations so we can have liberty again. ------------------------------------------------------- Now the only part I disagree with is the last part. Laws and regulations got us into this mess in the first place. These companies are huge because they can sue or prevent others from competing through laws and regulations. Guess who lobbies to create these laws in the first place? (It's not the little guy) The biggest problem is Intellectual Property (IP). Because of it we have DRM and many companies have very literal monopolies (enforced by government) on things. Apple has a patent on rounded rectangles for heaven's sake. What we need is a decentralization of power, and a turn towards distributed systems. The best way to do that will be to eliminate IP. That will take some time, but we should do it gradually. By allowing people to "copy" it will create competition and weaken the monopoly-like position many of these companies hold. Power will fragment and decentralize. That should be the goal.
逐条列举'赢了战役、输了战争'的实例：DRM、Android、云和浏览器
1. 我们赢了 MP3 商店的 DRM 之战，却彻底输掉了 DRM 战争——Netflix、Prime 全在用 DRM，没人再反抗了。2. 我们赢了 Linux 之战，却输掉了自由软件战争：30 亿台 Android 设备都跑 Linux 内核，但绝大多数只允许安装官方应用，毫无自由可言。3. 服务器领域全是 Linux，但越来越多跑在云数据中心里，你的控制权很有限。4. 浏览器都基于开源渲染引擎，但 Safari 和 Chrome 本身并不开源。
chx查看英文原文
1. We -- as in, geeks -- won the DRM battle for MP3 stores. We have, however, so thoroughly lost the DRM war people barely care it's there. All your streaming services -- Netflix, Amazon Prime, etc -- are using DRM and no one even fights this any more. 2. We won the battle for Linux -- and have thoroughly lost the free software war. No matter how you count, it is, by far, by very far, the most used operating system. A year ago there were three billion active Android devices, all of them using the Linux kernel -- and the overwhelming majority of them only allows sanctioned apps to be installed. There is no freedom any more. And despite the phones have capable CPUs, practically no one uses it to develop software, the entire development ecosystem is completely absent from Android. By any means you should be able to attach keyboard, mouse and monitor and develop and deploy your own phone apps but who does that? 2a. In the web server space, once again, it's Linux all the way. Although w3tech only says "unix alike" for the 80% it reports it's not unreasonable to think the overwhelming majority of that is Linux. But, guess what? increasingly all of that is in a cloud data center where your control is ... limited. 3. We won the battle for browsers -- everything now runs on top of an open source rendering engine. But, do I need to mention how much we lost the war here? Because neither Safari nor Chrome are open source and what else has any market share whatsoever? And in a familiar manner, they restrict of what you can install on them.
认为 Linux 本身不等于自由，真正的出路是开放标准而非 F/OSS
我不认同'Linux 本身等于自由'。文章写完之后 RedHat 被 IBM 收购，而 Linux 早已被企业需求（systemd、docker）和有私心的人（glibc、gnome）主导。自由是选择，选择需要替代实现，而替代实现需要像 POSIX、X、OpenGL 这样的公共规范——这些都在萎缩。F/OSS 显然不是解决方案，看看被广告业毁掉的 web 就知道了。开放而有意义的规范才是唯一出路。
tannhaeuser查看英文原文
Not getting this idea that Linux is freedom per se. Since the article was written, RedHat was acquired by IBM, and even before, Linux was largely controlled by enterprise demands (systemd, namespaces/docker) and folks with their own agenda (glibc, gnome). Freedom is choice. Choice requires alternative implementations. Alternatives can and will be developed if there's a common spec, like POSIX, SUS, LSB, X, OpenGL used to be, all of which have atrophied. Linux doesn't inspire anyone to create new end-user apps (with the exception of Blender and Krita, which were started well over ten years ago). Instead, we're loosing the apps we had, and march towards dumb UIs and needlessly containerized apps a la snap/flatpack. It's of no use and only frustrating to lament and decry the past without also showing a perspective to get out of our situation, or clean up the mess for those who follow after us. F/OSS is clearly not the solution, as can be seen by the demise of the web going the way of all previous digital communication mechanisms: it has been foobar'd by the ad industry, like email, Usenet, XMPP before. Open, meaningful standards are the only solution. Not like "web standards" eg WHATWG and W3C. Who thought it was a good idea to hand standard development to an ad company in the first place? We now have a closed-loop web where the content provider and the user agent are from the same party. We had that with CompuServe et al before the web; there was no need for a craptastic CSS and JS detour to arrive at that situation.
以微软拥抱开源为证据，反驳'我们在输'的悲观论调
文章不错，但细节有些草率。我不认为我们在'输'：看看 HN 首页——FreeBSD 登上 Azure、微软开源 Edge 的 WebGL 引擎、WSL 讲解 syscall 重定向。从五年前穿越过来，这首页会让你震惊。整个行业里'自由'正成为默认选项。Android 再怎么被吐槽，也比 Windows 自由得多。我们不该自满，需要加强 GPL 合规、在手机上重夺'发行版'概念，但拉长视角看，我们 definitely 在赢。
dTal查看英文原文
This is a great article, if a little slapdash on the details. I don't agree with the notion that we're "losing"; the reason is neatly exemplified by the HN front page: 3. FreeBSD 10.3 officially supported on Microsoft Azure (microsoft.com) 138 points by tachion 6 hours ago | flag | 77 comments 10. Microsoft Edge WebGL engine open-sourced (github.com) 308 points by aroman 13 hours ago | flag | 80 comments 24. How the Windows Subsystem for Linux Redirects Syscalls (microsoft.com) 330 points by jackhammons 20 hours ago | flag | 243 comments Microsoft. Open-sourced. Time travel from even 5 years ago and that HN front page would blow your mind. Industry-wide, it's more and more common now for "free" to be the default. Heck, complain about Android all you like, but for all that, the OS itself is miles more free than Windows. We actually owe this dire forking situation to the freedom Android affords - imagine if every fly-by-night laptop manufacturer felt comfortable rolling their own custom branded Windows with proprietary interface components. I don't argue for complacency. We need to up our game with things like GPL compliance and reclaim the concept of a "distro", but on phones this time. But taking the long view, we're definitely "winning".
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