互联网与文化theguardian.com
葡萄牙激进的毒品政策正在奏效，为什么世界没有效仿？
Portugal’s radical drug policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?
2017 — 2019，它一次次回到首页
黑点是上首页（≥ 50 分）的那次投稿，空心点是没冲上去的投稿，点越大分数越高。
导读
《卫报》长篇报道：葡萄牙在2001年把个人少量持有毒品去罪化，把资源从监狱转向治疗、减害和社会再融入，并称成瘾率、HIV 感染和毒品相关犯罪等指标随之改善。文章追问：既然效果不错，为什么其他国家没有照搬这套做法。
为什么经久不衰：它提供了一个被反复引用的现实政策样本，每次重登首页都能让人对照本国失败的做法反思：毒品问题究竟是犯罪问题还是公共卫生问题。
HN 评论精选
内部人士泼冷水：成效可能部分来自毒品流出境外，而国内酗酒问题被忽视。
这个故事每年都会再来一遍。我曾供职于葡萄牙卫生部（地区分局），有一点实际了解：说法都很好听，但这个项目之所以奏效，是因为毒品会流向有钱的地方，也就是不去葡萄牙，而是去英国和德国。另一方面，酗酒在葡萄牙是个严重问题，政府却毫无行动。
hugoromano查看英文原文
This story always comes back every year. With some ground knowledge on this, as I worked previously for Portugal Ministry of Health (Regional Subdivision). All this is price, and the programme works because drugs go where the money is, i.e. not Portugal, goes to the UK and Germany. On the other hand, Alcoholism is a massive issue in Portugal, and there is no Government action.
推动改革的是“身边人”带来的共情，一旦共情形成，政策窗口才会打开。
据我所知（我现在住在葡萄牙乡下），转折点出现在多数选民都认识某个吸毒成瘾者的时候——家人、伴侣或朋友。到那时，多数人不仅能看到毒品泛滥造成的危害，也能对成瘾者产生共情。正是这种理解与共情，让这项立法得以通过。我觉得这和同性婚姻合法化很像：支持度与身边有 LGBTQ 亲友存在相关性。一旦人们能在个人层面共情，新做法就变得可接受（进入奥弗顿之窗）。
adamcharnock查看英文原文
From what I hear (as someone now living in rural Portugal), a turning point came when most of the electorate knew someone suffering from a drug addiction. Be it a family member, partner, or friend - there came a point when the majority of people could not only see the problems caused by the epidemic, but could also empathise with those with addictions. As a result of this understanding/empathy, it was possible to pass this legislation. I see parallels with the legalisation of same-sex marriage. I saw somewhere that there is a correlation between support of same-sex marriage and actually knowing that a family member or friend is LQBTQ. It seems to me that once people can empathise on a personal level, new approaches become acceptable (/ enter the Overton Window). How this relates to the opioid crisis in the USA I do not know. I’ll leave someone else with more familiarity with the situation to pontificate on that.
瑞士的海洛因处方等减害模式同样成功，“世界”并非没有效仿者。
“世界”不只等于美国和英国。在瑞士，你可以登记为海洛因使用者，在专门的吸毒者中心以象征性价格获得廉价、瑞士药厂质量的 heroin——当然不能带走，只能在场所内使用，那里有医疗和心理帮助，也有戒毒咨询项目。这个项目非常成功：街头再也没有毒贩（竞争不过政府的廉价毒品），毒品相关犯罪大幅下降，吸毒人数也在减少。大麻也已完全合法化，可以在杂货店像买烟一样买，没人特别在意，消费文化没有明显变化。
atemerev查看英文原文
“The world” is not just US and UK. Here in Switzerland, you can register as e.g. a heroin user, and be provided with cheap Swiss pharmaceutical quality heroin, for the nominal price, in specialized centers for drug users (you obviously can’t take it away, consumption is only allowed on premises — where medical and psychological help is available, and counseling programs for quitting drugs are advertised). The program is immense success, there are no drug dealers on our streets anymore (can’t compete with cheap drugs from the government), drug-related crime has plummeted, and drug users numbers are falling down too (due to these counseling programs). And yes, marijuana is now fully legalized (up to some percentages of THC) and you can buy it with grocery stores just like cigarettes. Nobody seems to be particularly interested, there were no significant changes in consumption culture, etc.
各国不效仿的原因之一是沉没成本：承认过去的错误代价太高。
这就是沉没成本谬误。当你在某个立场上投入了大量金钱、职业生涯、政治资本和“常识”之后，要说出“哎呀，那全是个大错，是我的问题”是非常非常难的。继续加码要容易得多。
WalterBright查看英文原文
It's the sunk cost fallacy. When you've invested enormous amounts of treasure, careers, political capital, conventional wisdom, etc., in having a position, it is very, very hard to say "oops, that's all a big mistake, my bad!" It's much easier to double down on it.
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